K-degree-l-diversity Anonymity Model

K-degree-l-diversity Anonymity Model Abstract Privacy is one of the major concerns when publishing or sharing social network data for social science research and business analysis. Recently, researchers have developed privacy models similar to k-anonymity to prevent node reidentification through structure information. However, even when these privacy models are enforced, an attacker may still be able to infer one’s private information if a group of nodes largely share the same sensitive labels (i.e., attributes). In other words, the label-node relationship is not well protected by pure structure anonymization methods. Furthermore, existing approaches, which rely on edge editing or node clustering, may significantly alter key graph properties. In this paper, k-degree-l-diversity anonymity model that considers the protection of structural information as well as sensitive labels of individuals. A novel anonymization methodology based on adding noise nodes has proposed. New algorithm by adding noise nodes into the original gr aph with the consideration of introducing the least distortion to graph properties. Most importantly, completed the rigorous analysis of the theoretical bounds on the number of noise nodes added and their impacts on an important graph property. Extensive experiments used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Introduction The complexity of current software systems and uncertainty in their environments has led the software engineering community to look for inspiration in diverse related fields (e.g., robotics, artificial intelligence, control theory, and biology) for new ways to design and manage systems and services. This endeavor, the capability of the system to adjust its behavior in response to the environment in the form of self-adaptation has become one of the most promising research directions. The â€Å"self† prefix indicates that the systems decide autonomously (i.e., without or with minimal interference) how to adapt or organize to accommodate changes in their contexts and environments. While some self-adaptive system may be able to function without any human intervention, guidance in the form of higher-level objectives (e.g., through policies) is useful and realized in many systems. The landscapes of software engineering domains and computing environments are constantly evolving. In p articular, software has become the bricks and mortar of many complex systems (i.e., a system composed of interconnected parts that as a whole exhibits one or more properties (behaviors among the possible properties) not obvious from the properties of the individual parts). The hallmarks of such complex or ultra-large-scale (ULS) systems are self-adaptation, selforganization, and emergence. Engineers in general, and software engineers in particular, design systems according to requirements and specifications and are not accustomed to regulating requirements and orchestrating emergent properties. Ottino argues that the landscape is bubbling with activity and engineers should be at the center of these developments and contribute new theories and tools. In order for the evolution of software engineering techniques to keep up with these ever-changing landscapes, software engineers must innovate in the realm of building, running, and managing software systems. Software-intensive systems m ust be able to adapt more easily to their ever-changing surroundings and be flexible, fault-tolerant, robust, resilient, available, configurable, secure, and selfhealing. Ideally, and necessarily for sufficiently large systems, these adaptations must happen autonomously. The research community that has formed around self-adaptive systems has already generated many encouraging results, helping to establish self-adaptive systems as a significant, interdisciplinary, and active research field. Self-adaptive systems have been studied within the different research areas of software engineering, including requirements engineering, software architecture, middleware, and component-based development; however, most of these initiatives have been isolated. Other research communities that have also investigated self-adaptation and feedback from their own perspectives are even more diverse: control theory, control engineering, artificial intelligence, mobile and autonomous robots, multi-agent systems, fault-tolerant computing, dependable computing, distributed systems, autonomic computing, self-managing systems, autonomic communications, adaptable user interfaces, biology, distributed artificial intelligence, machine learning, economic and financial systems, business and military strategic planning, sensor networks, or pervasive and ubiquitous computing. Over the past decade several self-adaptation-related application areas and technologies have grown in importance. It is important to emphasize that in all these initiatives software has become the common element. That enables the provision of self-adaptability. Thus, it is imperative to investigate systematic software engineering approaches for developing self-adaptive systems, which are—ideally—applicable across multiple domains. Self-adaptive systems can be characterized by how they operate or how they are analyzed, and by multiple dimensions of properties including centralized and decentralized, top-down and bottom-up, feedback latency (slow vs. fast), or environment uncertainty (low vs. high). A top-down self-adaptive system is often centralized and operates with the guidance of a central controller or policy, assesses its own behavior in the current surroundings, and adapts itself if the monitoring and analysis warrants it. Such a system often operates with an explicit internal representation of itself and its global goals. By analyzing the components of a top-down self-adaptive system, one can compose and deduce the behavior of the whole system. In contrast, a cooperative self-adaptive system or self-organizing system is often decentralized, operates without a central authority, and is typically composed bottom-up of a large number of components that interact locally according to simple rules. The global behavior of the system emerges from these local interactions. It is difficult to deduce properties of the global system by analyzing only the local properties of its parts. Such systems do not necessarily use internal representations of global properties or goals; they are often inspired by biological or sociological phenomena. Most engineered and nature-inspired self-adaptive systems fall somewhere between these two extreme poles of self-adaptive system types. In practice, the line between these types is rather blurred and compromises will often lead to an engineering approach incorporating techniques from both of these two extreme poles. For example, ULS systems embody both top-down and bottom-up self-adaptive characteristics (e.g., the Web is basically decentralized as a global system, but local sub-webs are highly centralized or se rver farms are both centralized and decentralized). Building self-adaptive software systems cost-effectively and in a predictable manner is a major engineering challenge. New theories are needed to accommodate, in a systematic engineering manner, traditional top-down approaches and bottom-up approaches. A promising starting point to meet these challenges is to mine suitable theories and techniques from control engineering and nature and to apply those when designing and reasoning about self-adaptive software systems. Control engineering emphasizes feedback loops, elevating them to firstclass entities. In this paper we argue that feedback loops are also essential for understanding all types of self-adaptive systems. Over the years, the discipline of software engineering strongly emphasized the static architecture of a system and, to a certain extent, neglected the dynamic aspects. In contrast, control engineering emphasized the dynamic feedback loops embedded in a system and its envi ronment and neglected the static architecture. A notable exception is the seminal paper by Magee and Kramer on dynamic structure in software architecture, which formed the foundation for many subsequent research projects. However, while these research projects realized feedback systems, the actual feedback loops were hidden or abstracted. Engineering Self-Adaptive Systems through Feedback Loops 51 Feedback loops have been recognized as important factors in software process management and improvement or software evolution. For example, the feedback loops at every stage in Royce’s waterfall model or the risk feedback loop in Boehm’s spiral model are well known. Lehman’s work on software evolution showed that â€Å"the software process constitutes a multilevel, multiloop feedback system and must be treated as such if major progress in its planning, control, and improvement is to be achieved.† Therefore, any attempt to make parts of this â€Å"multiloop feed back system† self-adaptive necessarily also has to consider feedback loops. With the proliferation of self-adaptive software systems, it is imperative to develop theories, methods and tools around feedback loops. Mining the rich experiences and theories from control engineering as well as taking inspiration from nature and biology where we can find systems that adapt in rather complex ways, and then adapting and applying the findings to software-intensive selfadaptive systems is a most worthwhile and promising avenue of research. In the remainder of this paper, we therefore investigate feedback loops as a key aspect of engineering self-adaptive systems. Outlines basic principles of feedback loops and demonstrates their importance and potential benefits for understanding self-adaptive systems. Control engineering and biologically inspired approaches for self-adaptation. We present selected challenges for the software engineering community in general and the SEAMScommunity in pa rticular for engineering self-adaptive computing systems. Existing system In Existing system forced by the recognition of the need for a finer grain and more personalized privacy in data publication of social networks. In this paper we implement privacy protection scheme that not only prevents the disclosure of the disclosure of selected features in users profiles and also for identity of users. The features of her profile she wishes to conceal by an individual user can select. The users are nodes and features are labels in social networks are modeled as graphs. The Labels are denoted either as non-sensitive or sensitive. In Existing system the background knowledge an adversary may possess, as sensitive information that has to be protected in both node and labels To allow for graph data to be published in a form such that an adversary who possesses information about a nodes neighborhood cannot safely infer its identity and its sensitive labels in this we present privacy protection algorithms that. The goals of these algorithms transform the original graph into a graph in which nodes are sufficiently indistinguishable in these algorithms are designed. While losing as little information and while preserving as much utility as possible. The algorithms preserve the original graphs structure and properties that’s why we evaluate empirically the extent to which. In Existing system that our solution is, efficient, scalable and effective and while offering stronger privacy guarantees than those in previous research. Proposed system k-degree anonymity with l-diversity to prevent not only the reidentification of individual nodes but also the revelation of a sensitive attribute associated with each node. If the k-degree-l-diversity constraint satisfies create KDLD graph. A KDLD graph protects two aspects of each user when an attacker uses degree information to attack A novel graph construction technique which makes use of noise nodes to preserve utilities of the original graph. Two key properties are considered: Add as few noise edges as possible. Change the distance between nodes as less as possible. The noise edges/nodes added should connect nodes that are close with respect to the social distance. There exist a large number of low degree vertices in the graph which could be used to hide added noise nodes from being re-identified. By carefully inserting noise nodes, some graph properties could be better preserved than a pure edge-editing method. MODULES Data Collection. Reduce Node Degree. Add Node Degree. Add Noise Node. 1. DATA COLLECTION In this module the employee data is collected. Each employee has unique Id, Name and Sensitive Label Salary. Each employee links with number of other employee. Based on the employee data construct the Social Network Graph: a social network graph is a four tuple G(V, E, ÏÆ', ÃŽ » ), where V is a set of vertices, and each vertex represents a node in the social network. is the set of edges between vertices, ÏÆ' is a set of labels that vertices have maps vertices to their labels. 2. REDUCE NODE DEGREE For any node whose degree is larger than its target degree in Pnew, decreasing its degree to the target degree by making using of noise nodes. 3. ADD NODE DEGREE For any node whose degree is smaller than its target degree in Pnew, increasing its degree to the target degree by making using of noise nodes. For each vertex u in G which needs to increase its degree, to make its degree reach the target degree. First check whether there exists a node v within two hops of u, and v also needs to increase its degree. Connect n with v. Since v is within two hops of u, connecting v with n will not change the distance between u and v. After this step, if n’s degree is bigger than the minimum degree in Pnew but does not appear in Pnew, recursively deleting the last created link until the degree of n equals to a degree in Pnew. Otherwise, leave n for processing and continue adding noise to u if u:d 4. ADD NOISE NODE In this module the noise node will added to the original data set. After that adding noise node add new degree for that noise node. For any noise node, if its degree does not appear in Pnew, some adjustment can happen to make it has a degree in Pnew. Then, the noise nodes are added into the same degree groups in Pnew. Conclusions In this paper, k-degree-l-diversity model has implemented for privacy preserving social network data publishing. Implementation of both distinct l-diversity and recursive (c, l)-diversity also happened. In order to achieve the requirement of k-degree-l-diversity, a noise node adding algorithm to construct a new graph from the original graph with the constraint of introducing fewer distortions to the original graph. Rigorous analysis of the theoretical bounds on the number of noise nodes added and their impacts on an important graph property. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the noise node adding algorithms can achieve a better result than the previous work using edge editing only. It is an interesting direction to study clever algorithms which can reduce the number of noise nodes if the noise nodes contribute to both anonymization and diversity. Another interesting direction is to consider how to implement this protection model in a distributed environment, where diffe rent publishers publish their data independently and their data are overlapping. In a distributed environment, although the data published by each publisher satisfy certain privacy requirements, an attacker can still break user’s privacy by combining the data published by different publishers together. Protocols should be designed to help these publishers publish a unified data together to guarantee the privacy. Future Enhancement: Privacy is one of the major concerns when publishing or sharing social network data for social science research and business analysis. The label-node relationship is not well protected by pure structure anonymization methods. k-degree-l-diversity anonymity model that considers the protection of structural information as well as sensitive labels of individuals. Adding noise nodes into the original graph with the consideration of introducing the least distortion to graph properties.

Water Level Indicator

Water LeveL IndIcator WIth aLarm VIJay D. SaThE H ere is a simple, versatile circuit which indicates the level of water in a tank. This circuit produces alarm when water level is below the lowest level L1 and also when water just touches the highest level L12. The circuit is designed to display 12 different levels. However, these display levels can be increased or decreased depending upon the level resolution required. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the number of level detector metal strips (L1 through L12) and their associated components. In the circuit, diodes D1, D2 and D13 form half-wave rectifiers. The rectified output is filtered using capacitors C1 through C3 respectively. Initially, when water level is below strip L1, the mains supply frequency oscillations are not transferred to diode D1. Thus its output is low and LED1 does not glow. Also, since base voltage of transister T1 is low, it is in cut-off state and its collector voltage is high, which enables melody generating IC1 (UM66) and alarm is sounded. When water just touches level detector strip L1, the supply frequency oscillations are transferred to diode D1. It rectifies the supply voltage and a positive DC voltage develops across capacitor C1, which lights up LED1. At the same time base voltage for transistor T1 becomes high, which makes it forward biased and its collector voltage falls to near-ground potential. This disables IC1 (UM66) and alarm is inhibited. Depending upon quantity of water present in the tank, corresponding level indicating LEDs glow. It thus displays intermediate water levels in the tank in bar-graph style. When water in the tank just touches the highest level detector strip L12, the DC voltage is developed across capacitor C2. This enables melody generating IC1 (UM66) and alarm is again sounded. ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Vol. 20

The Effects Of Social Media On Education - 1657 Words

Our educational system has changed quite drastically. It is no longer just a place where one goes to learn Arithmetic, English, and Penmanship. It has evolved into something much more complex than that. The challenges our Educators are experiencing today are far more different than the ones they faced ten years ago. Technology has introduced some valuable tools that has vastly improved the way school administrators and parents are educating their children, but this type of advancement came with some risks. The influences of social media and the need to â€Å"keep up with the jones†, amongst other things, has caused our educational environment to changed drastically. A growing body of research indicates that positive school climate is associated with, and predicative of, academic achievement, school success, effective violence prevention, students’ healthy development, and teacher retention (ASCD). Unfortunately, our public school system is plagued with violence, includ ing bulling and suicide. School campuses have become the scene of some of the most heart-wrenching massacres. Our educators and students are under attack. It is a critical time in our children’s academic career. The need to assist our educators in their effort to not only educate, but to also protect our children, is at an all time high. One way to help alleviate some of the issues facing the educational system is to implement the use of school uniforms. It use will be a vital tool in aiding educators andShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1291 Words   |  6 Pages Social media sites are very popular throughout the United States. As technology advances, more social media sites advance for those who own a form of electronic device. Social media is a relationship that exists between the individual and the whole wide world. 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Environmental Science Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2375 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ecology Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Introduction If one considers the most profound changes in the social and physical conditions attached to human existence, one would have to suggest that the land use dimensions, including the shift to sedentary agriculture, the Industrial Revolution and large-scale urbanisation, are the most significant. However, it is important to understand that land is more than a mere material base. Indeed, Gladwin et al (1995) described land as a diverse, contradictory property with both social and cultural meanings that are mixed with human labour, the biotic community and a land ethic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental Science Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order From this it is easy to understand why land use has been the subject of persistent political struggle over the years and why it is challenging in both theory and practice to ensure sustainable development, whilst also taking into account the needs of a growing population. The eco-modernist interpretation of sustainable development encourages the use eco-efficient building materials and heat and power sources, and encourages doing more with less (Banerjee, 2003). Whilst this has shown that there is a theoretical possibility that energy and material intensity can be reduced, therefore reducing the environmental impact of population and industrial growth, this somewhat simplified approach does not take into consideration the relationships between land, the environment and economic activity (Baker, 2007). The focus on pollution and resource consumption by many ecological modernist theorists has failed to address the intrinsic qualities of the non-human world that are generally the cau se of many conflicts over the use of greenbelt land (Hajer and Versteeg, 2005). Part of the problem lies in the way in which the development of land and environmental change causes uncertain effects. These effects are generally caused through the multiplicity of direct, indirect and cumulative processes that are difficult to predict (Hudson, 2005). These processes operate within economic, political and legal dimensions, with many crossing over between a number of jurisdictions. Whilst interactions between proximal land uses have historically concentrated on the effects of pollution, odour and noise on the human population, it is only recently that consideration has been taken over the effects of these environmental problems on the local flora and fauna and the wider scale sustainability of vulnerable species (Scully-Russ, 2012). From this it can be seen that land use and sustainability go hand in hand. As such, it is deemed necessary to focus attention on the planning processes and regulations currently utilised within the UK. The remainder of this essay will consider the way in which UK planning processes have been designed to protect the environment before critically discussing the reasons that they fail. Sustainable development: the need for planning The concept of sustainable development emerged in the late 1980s with Brundtland et al (1987), followed closely by the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), forming the view that it is necessary to consider planning applications as interrelated processes that need to take into account the needs of both human and nonhuman residents (Barkemeyer et al, 2014). This encouraged the development of national sustainability plans, whilst Agenda 21 of the UNCED encouraged the environmentally sound physical planning of sustainable development within urban areas (Jabareen, 2006). These planning and sustainability ideas were rapidly incorporated into local government policy. In the UK, these ideas encouraged a new environmental movement that saw local councils considering the environmental impact on both urban and rural developments (Jabareen, 2006). Indeed, by the start of the 1990s, nearly 75% of all councils within the UK had developed a green charter that rec ognised the need for environmental planning to mitigate against issues such as global warming, the destruction of the rainforest and depletion of the ozone layer as well as considering the impacts such a development would have on the local environment (Barkemeyer et al, 2014). The emerging concepts of sustainability and the connections with the planning process were often outside of the statutory domain; however, incentives from central government, which supported sustainable development and controlled land use planning often encouraged the development of local policies (Cowell and Lennon, 2014). These local policies, along with international commitments, were rapidly incorporated into legislation, with the UKs first official sustainable development White Paper urging planning authorities to consider the environmental effects of all planning policies (Cowell and Lennon, 2014). In the same year, the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 ensured that all planning applications consider ed the conservation, natural beauty and amenity of the land. This act also encouraged improved traffic management and changes to the physical environment within both urbanised and rural areas in order to deliver sustainable land use change. Despite the UK Government generally falling short of making sustainable development a legal requirement of all planning laws, they have developed a number of Acts that can be called upon in certain situations. These include the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991, the Sustainable Communities Act 2007 and the Government of Wales Act 1998 (Wilkinson et al, 2013). Section 121(1) of this latter act places responsibility on the National Assembly for Wales to set out proposals for the promotion of sustainable development within the Welsh region. However, more recently there has been an international emergence of the ecosystem assessment approach to land planning. This approach is promoted to ensure that the true value of the environment is taken into account during all decision-making processes (Adelle et al, 2012). The key concept of the ecosystem assessment approach is that natural ecosystems provide significant benefit, in both health and economy, to human society. Numerous proponents of the ecosystem services approach describe how the method would benefit the spatial planning of habitats to help deliver ecosystem services (Medcalf et al, 2012), in environmental assessment (Wilkinson et al, 2013) and in order to plan for a more environmentally friendly urban development (Baker et al, 2013). The following section of this paper will consider the problems encountered by UK planners in balancing the needs of an expanding population and the potential impacts on the environment. Planning Difficulties In order to highlight the issues associated with planning and environmental protection, it is deemed necessary to utilise a number of case studies in which planning departments have clashed with developers. The first of these cases occurred in the early 1990s in the county of Berkshire and was described by Cowell and Owens (1998). Berkshire County Council received a planning application to expand the capacity of a construction minerals extraction quarry to 2.5 million tonnes per year. The application was supported by central government, who at that time had apportioned a share of projected national demand for construction aggregate to each county. However, Berkshire County Council was concerned about the environmental consequences of this increased carrying capacity and decided that to meet the share of aggregate demand would be unsustainable for their region as it would breach the countys environmental capacity. In order to reach this decision, the county planning department used a methodology that involved an assessment of environmental suitability at the quarry. This methodology included a traditional sieve analysis, a process of strategic choice and public engagement. In their report, Berkshire Planning Authority stated that the protection of environmental features within the county was vital and the conservation value of the broader environment outweighed the economic benefits of such a development. The planning authorities stated that the environmental capacity of the area would be breached and that this environment capacity was based on the county councils judgements about the compensatable and critical environmental capital within the county. As such they framed sustainable development by identifying the environmental limits of the area. Indeed, Berkshire Planning Authority asserted that the level of aggregate supply should fall by 3% per year from 1996 to 2011. As was expected, the quarry company appealed the decision and the planning enquiry insp ector sided with industry. The appeal report criticised Berkshire Planning Authority for ignoring the economic, local and national need for aggregates. The enquiry inspector did find the planning authoritys explanation of environmental capacity and the need for sustainable development persuasive; however, the report suggests that there is lack of demonstration on why the county could not maintain production of construction aggregates at 2.5 million tonnes per year. As such, the enquiry inspector agreed with the objections made by the quarry company that the concept of critical environmental capital and environmental capacity carried no weight within current realms of planning policy. The planning decision was therefore overturned. The second case study also occurred in Berkshire where a major international company applied for planning permission to build its new headquarters in a green field location (Parker and Street, 2015). The plans immediately raised objections from local re sidents and environmental pressure groups who claimed that congestion and pollution would increase if the companys headquarters was located in this area as well as damaging sensitive wildlife habitats. These opponents claimed that the government planning guidelines, which sought to reduce dependency on cars, would be flouted if the planning application was granted. However, the Planning Authority was significantly influenced by the companys green transport plan and the potential employment and economic benefits that such a development would bring. Therefore, following acrimonious debate, planning permission was granted without any formal environmental assessment being carried out in the area. In the Cairngorms, a planning application to develop a tourist funicular railway, to carry passengers to the peak of the mountains, was met with much resistance (Warren, 2002). Initially, the Planning Authority sought to reject the application, claiming that such a development would encourag e more visitors to the remote area and damage an ecologically vulnerable area. However, pressure from other council departments, who saw opportunity for economic growth, additional employment and future potential development, forced the Planning Authority to grant permission, regardless of the extensive Environmental Impact Assessment that had been carried out by the Planning Authority proving that the development would cause considerable harm to the sensitive habitats of this area. Despite these case studies showing significant failures in the UKs planning regulations, there is one instance where the environmental value of a particular area was successfully defended. This final case study occurred within the cathedral city of Salisbury (Parker and Street, 2015). The Planning Authority received an application from the Highways Agency to construct a bypass that would reduce congestion within the city centre. This was in line with the County Councils green plans to reduce pollution within the area. However, the route of the proposed bypass would bisect the environmentally important water meadows surrounding the city. These water meadows provided the habitat for a large number of migratory wading birds and were considered environmentally important areas. However, the subsequent public enquiry supported the application, claiming significant benefits for the city if the bypass was built. As such, a number of government advisory bodies on nature conservation and landscape protection were consulted in order to find ways in which to mitigate the impacts of the bypass on the wetland areas. These advisory bodies found that there were no measures that could be adopted that would effectively protect the sensitive habitats and mitigation, for the damage could not be advised. This led the Planning Authority to refuse the application and forced the Highways Agency to consider alternative routes. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be seen that, despite sustainable development being at the forefront of the planning regulations, pressure from industry and the need for economic growth has a tendency to sway Planning Authority decisions. Despite all local and county councils now having green plans and sustainable development plans which encourage protection of the local landscape and environment, many are not being fully utilised. It is considered that until sustainable development is incorporated into national policy and regulations, then the needs for economic growth will always outweigh the needs of the environment. In addition, it is considered that whilst there are ways in which human impacts on the environment can be mitigated against, in many instances these opportunities are not fully taken due to the cost implications associated with adopting many of these mitigation measures. Therefore it is concluded that current UK planning regulations do not hold enough weight to successfully p rotect the environment. References Adelle, C., Jordan, A., Turnpenny, J. (2012). Proceeding in parallel or drifting apart? A systematic review of policy appraisal research and practices. Environment and Planning-Part C, 30(3), 401. Baker, S. (2007). Sustainable development as symbolic commitment: declaratory politics and the seductive appeal of ecological modernisation in the European Union. Environmental Politics, 16(2), 297-317. Baker, J., Sheate, W. R., Phillips, P., Eales, R. (2013). Ecosystem services in environmental assessmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ help or hindrance?. 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